How to Convert FAT32 to NTFS File System Without Format.

When the data is stored in a storage device, it is followed by a specific file system. The storage device means, it can be a hard disk or it can be a flash drive. The method of keeping data of these storage devices, changes based on the file system. As such, using the FAT32 file system data will store in different manner, again using the NTFS file system data will be stored in different way. Each file system's data saving process are differs. It means that, there is no match with any file system. 

A storage device that supports file systems can only read data from that file systems, others can not. For example, the device that supports the NTFS file system, can only access files using NTFS and cannot read any file using the FAT32 file system. 

Because of that, sometimes we need to change our file system. Normally we can change the file system while we format the storage device. Some of the most commonly used file systems are FAT32, NTFS, exFAT, and EXT4. 

But now, to change the file system, if we need to format the storage device, then we will lose the data on our storage device. Because all data will be deleted as soon as you format.  

In this article we will discuss, how we can change the file system of a storage device without formatting. There are many third party software to do this. But here, we will use DOS command of windows to change the file system of a storage device.  

We can convert the file system without losing any data using the following command:-

convert   c:  /fs:ntfs

Here "C" is represented as drive letter. If our drive letter is "E", then our command will be:-

convert   e:  /fs:ntfs

We will execute this command from the command prompt. Below is a screenshot given:-

To avoid undesirable error, it is better to open the command prompt with administrative privileges. For this, just right click on command prompt and click on "Run as Administrator."

Using this method, can only be converted from the FAT32 file system to the NTFS file system.  

Good Luck.

How to Reset Administrator Password in Windows

All of us who use MICROSOFT'S operating system, must be know about windows's administrator account. Using this account, a computer can be completely controlled. So for security reasons, we strengthen this accounts's password. And also change the password in a specific time.

This way the password is strong and after a few consecutive changes we forget the password many times. As a results, we can no get access to our computer. For which, we need to reset the password. If we have already created a password reset disk for this account, then we can easily reset our password. And if this disk is not already created, then we need to take the help of any other third party software. There is no other option left to reset the password.

Now, we will discuss about a software called "Offline Windows Password & Registry Editor". We can download this software as an ISO and it is bootable, that means you can run the computer using this software. This is a complete command based platform. How can we reset the administrator password using this software, as shown below through the screenshot.

First we will download the ISO file from the following link.

http://pogostick.net/~pnh/ntpasswd/

At the bottom of the page we will find the download section. From there, download the CD Image. Just like below:-

Then make a pendrive bootable with that ISO file. The following link are discussed about how to make a pendrive  bootable with ISO file.

http://mo-nirul.blogspot.com/2019/04/how-to-create-bootable-pendrive.html

We can also write the ISO file to CD and boot from it. After booting, we will get the following interface.

In the hardisk, whether windows is installed, the software will check it at this stage. If it get any windows after checking, then it will show it in the list. If we have more than one windows installed, then this list will show that too.

We will notice that, there is an unique number on the left side of every entry in the list.

We will select our windows by using this unique number for password reset. Just based on this example, type 1 (one) and then press "Enter".

Now the option to load the registry will come.

Since we will reset the password, we will now type 1 (one) and press "Enter".  Because the unique number for password reset is 1(one).

Now "Main Interactive Menu" will be appeared. From here, we will also type 1, because we will change the user password.

Now the user selection option will come, that means for which user we will reset the password.

Now we will type the "RID" number for that user, in our case "Administrator". After typing the RID number than press "Enter".

Now "User Edit Menu" will come. From here, type 1 for clear password and then press "Enter".

If there is no other problem, now we will get confirmation of password clear.

Everything is done. Now press (ctrl+alt+delete) from keyboard for restart you system.

How to Create A Bootable Pendrive

At present, we cannot find any person, who is not familiar with USB device. We have all been using the USB device in some way. For example, "mobile phone" the best way for communication. We are charging this mobile phone via USB port. Not only that, to connect this phone to the computer, we are also using USB port. Moreover, the popular medium for data transfer is the USB pendrive.

Three types of USB device available based on design and port. Those are:-

1) USB Type A

2) USB Type B

3) USB Type C

Again, USB is divided into two categories based on the function or the data transfer. Those are:-

1) USB Version 2

2) USB Version 3

There is more data transfer rate in USB version 3 then USB version 2.

However, the work of USB pendrive is not limited to just the data store or transfer. We can use this USB pendrive as a operating system installation media for computer.

However, to install operating system in a computer via pendrive, it must be bootable. Otherwise the computer can't be boot from pendrive. And today we will discuss in this article, how to make a pendrive bootable.

To make pendrive bootable, we will use a software named "Rufus". This software is available in the portable version and also is available in the installer version. The advantage of portable version is that, the software will not require to be installed. It's run directly on double click. We can download the software from the link provided below.

https://rufus.ie/

Now we will see, how can create a bootable pendrive using this software.

Which operating system we are going to install, we have to have the ISO file for that operating system. And the ISO file must be bootable. Otherwise the pendrive won't be bootable. However the ISO file for each operating system are usually bootable. And we can download this ISO file from the respective vendor's website.

After opening the software, you will get the following interface.

Now select your pendrive from device list. And then, select your operating system ISO file. After selecting the ISO file, it will take rest of the settings automatically. And then finally, click on "Start".

The screenshot is given below.

Now the software will make the pendrive bootable and also copy necessary file to the pendrive.

Software Install Uninstall Tool For Windows

We use different types of programs to do our daily task simply. Moreover, many new programs or software installs are needed for different needs. It is a lot easier to install and uninstall any kind of software. But while doing this simple thing, sometimes we have been going through a lot of problems. When we are trying to uninstall one existing software, the problem is appeared. The same way, when you are trying to install a new software, then the problem is again appeared. This shows several error message when installing or uninstalling. 

These error message are mostly from windows registry. And when the windows registry gets corrupted, then any kind of program install or uninstall is interrupted. Also, we cannot install or uninstall any kind of program using "Add or remove program" or "Programs & Features".

To solved this problem, MICROSOFT has created a tool called "Microsoft Program Install Uninstall Troubleshooter". By using this tool, we can install or uninstall any kind of software very easily even though windows registry is corrupted. At the same time, this tool repair the corrupted registry.

From the link below we can download the software or we can search by GOOGLE and download the software from any other link.

https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/17588/windows-fix-problems-that-block-programs-being-installed-or-removed

The downloaded file will be like the following:-

How can we install or uninstall the program using this software, it is below with the screenshot.

At first execute the ".diacab" file, which you have downloaded. Then you will get the following interface.

Now click on "Next". This time the tool will try to detect the problem.

If we want to fix uninstall issues, then click on "Uninstalling" now.

This time the tool will check the registry whether there is any problem.

Now it will show all the program's list installed on that computer. We will choose what we want to uninstall from here.

Now click on "Yes, try uninstall".

Now the tool will try to solve the problem.

If successful then following message will be shown. Finally click on "Close".

So we can solve the problems of uninstall. Similarly we can solve install problems.

To start solving installation problem, we will select "installing" at the beginning. Just like the below:-

Here's a similar list to show. Select the program that is having problems with install and click on "Next". Similarly, registry will be checked for any error. This time also we will select "Yes, try uninstalling". Because the software installation has failed, although the windows registry has been granted entry for that software. So for troubleshooting, we have to remove that entry. And this troubleshooter tool does that job.

All the work is done. Hope, there will be no problem.

How to Enable Telnet Client on Windows

Telnet is a network protocol that was developed in 1969. This protocol provide us a command line interface, which we can use to operate our remote servers or remote networking devices. For example, many IT professionals uses telnet to login switch or router for management purpose. This protocol usually works using 23 port number.

However, if you want access to a device via telnet, than the device must have telnet server enabled. And the user has to log into that sever using the telnet client program.

There are many types of telnet client programs. These are called the "Terminal Program" or "Terminal Emulator Software". One of the most popular is the terminal emulator software called "Putty". But in this article, we will see how to enable telnet client in windows. By default, "Telnet Client" is disabled. If you execute the telnet command without the telnet client enabled, then the error message will show as below.

Using the "Turn windows features on or off" options in the "Programs and features", we can enable the telnet client feature on windows operating system. Now just tick the check box for "Telnet client" from the feature list.

The entire process will be shown through screenshot.

At first go to the "Programs and features" from the control panel.

You can directly open "Programs and features" option by executing the following command from the "Run" option.

appwiz.cpl

From there, click on "Turn windows features on or off".

Now, tick the check box on "Telnet client" from the feature list.

Done. You can now use telnet command from command line.

How to Create VPN Server in Windows 10 or 8.1 or 8 or 7

We usually do VPN server in the router or in the server operating system. But in this article we will see, how to make a VPN server in windows 10. Not only windows 10, it will also work for windows 8.1, 8 and 7. For VPN client, VPN server either must have real IP or the port forwarded in the router.

To setup the VPN server, we will go to the "Network & Sharing Center" from the "Control Panel"   Now select "Change Adapter Settings" from the left upper corner. Now enable "Menu bar" under "Layout" option from "Organize" tab.

After enabling the "Menu bar" will be showed on top. Select "File" and click on "New Incoming Connection". Now select, which credential will be used during incoming access or connection. You can choose from the existing user list or you can create a new one using "Add someone" button.

Select the user and click next. Now click on "Through the internet". Select TCP/IP version 4 or 6, whatever you want. To assign an IP to the remote user, if you want to use a DHCP server, then click directly on the "Allow access". And if you want to assign IP manually, then click on "Properties" and provide IP information.

Done. Windows 10 is ready to receive incoming VPN connection.

All the process is shown with graphical representation.

At first go to  "Network & Sharing Center" from the "Control Panel".

Now click on "Change Adapter Settings" from the left upper corner. You can directly enter this interface by executing the command ncpa.cpl 

Now enable "Menu bar" from organize tab.

Menu bar will be showed on top. Now go to "file" option from menu bar and select "New Incoming Connection".

Now select user for credential to be used.And click on "Next".

Now click on check box "Through the internet" and select "Next".

Now select the protocol version. If you want automatic IP assignment then directly click on "Allow access". Otherwise if you want manual IP assignment then click on "Properties" and provide required IP information.

All the work is done. From now on, windows 10 acts as a VPN server.

How to Clear Remote Desktop Connection List

Sometimes an IT professional needs to work on a server from other or public computer. May be he is not at his own desk while working. For which, the professional needs to use a remote desktop tools. Here, we will discuss about Microsoft's Remote Access tool.  Remote desktop tool is  usually connected with any other computer in the network using an IP address. So, we need to provide an  IP address to get remote desktop access. But now the problem is that, when we provide an IP address, this tool saves IP information. It's a big security issue. If the computer used for remote access is professional's own computer, in that case. there is no problem at all. But if the computer is the public computer then it is the biggest risk. Because the information is likely to be published here. So, all IT professionals should have deleted the IP address when finished. And how to delete these IP addresses, we will discuss this matter with this article. 

Remote access connection tool usually saves IP addresses in windows registry. So to delete them, we have to delete from the registry. When we go below path to the registry, then we will get those data. 

HKEY_CURRENT_USER  ->  Software  ->  Microsoft  ->  TerminalServerClient  ->  Default

The IP addresses we were used, here will be saved with the MRU name, also show the IP addresses we were used. A sample is shown below:-

Each of the IP addresses we are used, this tool generate a MRU file separately for those addresses. So, we can delete all MRU file or IP address and also, we can delete specific one MRU file or one IP address, whatever I want.

How can we do the whole thing, is shown through the screenshot.

First of all open "Registry Editor" tool from "RUN" menu. Type regedit from "RUN" option and then press enter. "Registry Editor" interface will be showed.

From here, expand "HKEY_CURRENT_USER" then "Software".

Now expand "Microsoft"

Now expand "TerminalServerClient" and then select "default". Now from the right panel, you will get all the MRU file.

From here, you can delete the IP address, which is saved by remote access connection tool.

How to Create VPN Client Adapter in Windows

In this article we will discuss, how to create a VPN client adapter in the windows operating system. VPN connection is usually made in two ways. One is "Site to Site VPN" and the other is "Remote Access VPN".

Site to Site VPN:- "Site to Site VPN" is often called "Router to Router VPN" or "Server to Server VPN". This "Site to Site VPN" is used to interconnect those offices, which have different locations. Through this VPN, a tunnel is created between two offices via the internet, so that two offices can privately communicate among themselves. In this case, the tunnel is encrypted, due to which the data is completely safe.

Remote Access VPN:- Another type of  VPN is the "Remote Access VPN". When a corporate user is out of the network or  is on a trip, he can connect himself with the corporate network via this "Remote Access VPN". When the user was in the corporate network, he could use the resource of the network, if he connect with "Remote Access VPN" then he could use the same resource as the user.

Here, we will discuss only with "Remote Access VPN". If a user wants to connect himself to a VPN server, then the user has to create a VPN client adapter in his computer.  When creating this adapter, different types of information such as, the IP address, user ID and password of the VPN server is provided. We also have other configurations that we would like to configure later from those VPN client adapter properties.

Now we will see, how this adapter is made on the windows operating system. I will demonstrate whole things with the screenshot.

At first, go to "Network & Sharing Center" from "Control Panel". Change the mode to "Large Icon" or "Small Icon", if the "Control Panel's view by" mode  "category" is selected.

Now click on "Network & Sharing Center" and select "Setup a new connection or network".

Now select "Connect to a workplace"

Now you got the following interface  simply click on "No, Create a new connection" option.

 And now click on "Use my internet connection (VPN)".

Now type your VPN server IP address and assign a name to VPN client adapter. Then click on "Next".

But if you running windows 8 or higher version, then you will get the following interface. In this case, you have to click on "Create" option.

In the case of windows 7, when the VPN client adapter is created, the option of giving user id and password are available. But in windows 8 or higher version, this option is available when VPN client starting it connection process.

After click on "Next" in windows 7, you will get the following interface. And finally click on "Connect".

Now your VPN client adapter is ready to be connected. Later, to connect to the VPN server, click on the network icon from "notification area" into the "task bar" and select VPN name from there which you have created. And finally click on "Connect".

In window 8 or higher version, after clicking on network icon you will get the following interface.

Now click on your VPN name and then click on "Connect".

After click on connect, you will prompt for username & password.

Now type your username and password for VPN server. And click on "OK". If the VPN server configuration is okey, then you should be connected now.